Java中如何实现一个"读写锁"呢？
在一些java的业务场景中，多线程对共享资源的读写占比有时候不均衡，如：读操作非常频繁，而写操作非常少， 那么有时候希望在没有写操作时,多个线程可同时读一个共享资源， 如果一个线程希望对共享资源进行写操作时，则此时就不应该有其它的线程对共享资源进行操作
读/写锁的Java实现
- 读取:没有线程正在做写操作，且没有线程在请求写操作
- 写入:没有线程正在做读写操作
注意事项:
当写操作比读操作更重要时，此时我们可通过提高写的优先级
因为如果写操作非常频繁,写操作未提升优先级，则会出现“饥饿”现象(写操作一直处于阻塞状态)
例:
public class ReadWriteLock{
private int readers = 0;
private int writers = 0;
private int writeRequests = 0;
public synchronized void lockRead()
throws InterruptedException{
while(writers > 0 || writeRequests > 0){
wait();
}
readers++;
}
public synchronized void unlockRead(){
readers--;
notifyAll();
}
public synchronized void lockWrite()
throws InterruptedException{
writeRequests++;
while(readers > 0 || writers > 0){
wait();
}
writeRequests--;
writers++;
}
public synchronized void unlockWrite()
throws InterruptedException{
writers--;
notifyAll();
}
}
在ReadWriteLock类中,读锁和写锁各有一个获取锁和释放锁的方法
读锁的实现在lockRead()中
当没有线程拥有写锁(writers==0),且没有线程在请求写锁(writeRequests ==0),所有想获得读锁的线程都能成功获取。
写锁的实现在lockWrite()中,当一个线程想获得写锁的时候
首先会把写锁请求数加1(writeRequests++),然后再去判断是否能够真能获得写锁,当没有线程持有读锁(readers==0),且没有线程持有写锁(writers==0)时就能获得写锁
需要注意的是,在两个释放锁的方法(unlockRead，unlockWrite)中,都调用了notifyAll方法,而不是notify
如果有线程在等待获取读锁，同时又有线程在等待获取写锁 如果这时其中一个等待读锁的线程被notify方法唤醒，但因为此时仍有请求写锁的线程存在(writeRequests>0),所以被唤醒的线程会再次进入阻塞状态。 然而,等待写锁的线程一个也没被唤醒，就像什么也没发生过一样（译者注：信号丢失现象）。如果用的是notifyAll方法，所有的线程都会被唤醒，然后判断能否获得其请求的锁。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 用notifyAll还有一个好处。如果有多个读线程在等待读锁且没有线程在等待写锁时，调用unlockWrite()后，所有等待读锁的线程都能立马成功获取读锁----而不是一次只允许一个
读/写锁的重入
上面实现的读/写锁(ReadWriteLock)是不可重入的,当一个已经持有写锁的线程再次请求写锁时,就会被阻塞。原因是已经有一个写线程了——就是它自己Thread 1 获得了读锁 Thread 2 请求写锁，但因为Thread 1 持有了读锁，所以写锁请求被阻塞。 Thread 1 再想请求一次读锁，但因为Thread 2处于请求写锁的状态，所以想再次获取读锁也会被阻塞。为了让ReadWriteLock可重入,需做相应的改进
读锁重入
为了让ReadWriteLock的读锁可重入，我们要先为读锁重入建立规则
实现思路：
使用一个map存储已持有锁的线程及对应线程获取读锁的次数，
然后读map中的信息,进行相应的判断
例:
public class ReadWriteLock{
private Map<Thread, Integer> readingThreads =
new HashMap<Thread, Integer>();
private int writers = 0;
private int writeRequests = 0;
public synchronized void lockRead()
throws InterruptedException{
Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
while(! canGrantReadAccess(callingThread)){
wait();
}
readingThreads.put(callingThread,
(getAccessCount(callingThread) + 1));
}
public synchronized void unlockRead(){
Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
int accessCount = getAccessCount(callingThread);
if(accessCount == 1) {
readingThreads.remove(callingThread);
} else {
readingThreads.put(callingThread, (accessCount -1));
}
notifyAll();
}
private boolean canGrantReadAccess(Thread callingThread){
if(writers > 0) return false;
if(isReader(callingThread) return true;
if(writeRequests > 0) return false;
return true;
}
private int getReadAccessCount(Thread callingThread){
Integer accessCount = readingThreads.get(callingThread);
if(accessCount == null) return 0;
return accessCount.intValue();
}
private boolean isReader(Thread callingThread){
return readingThreads.get(callingThread) != null;
}
}
写锁重入
当一个线程已经持有写锁，才允许写锁重入（再次获得写锁）
public class ReadWriteLock{
private Map<Thread, Integer> readingThreads =
new HashMap<Thread, Integer>();
private int writeAccesses = 0;
private int writeRequests = 0;
private Thread writingThread = null;
public synchronized void lockWrite()
throws InterruptedException{
writeRequests++;
Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
while(!canGrantWriteAccess(callingThread)){
wait();
}
writeRequests--;
writeAccesses++;
writingThread = callingThread;
}
public synchronized void unlockWrite()
throws InterruptedException{
writeAccesses--;
if(writeAccesses == 0){
writingThread = null;
}
notifyAll();
}
private boolean canGrantWriteAccess(Thread callingThread){
if(hasReaders()) return false;
if(writingThread == null) return true;
if(!isWriter(callingThread)) return false;
return true;
}
private boolean hasReaders(){
return readingThreads.size() > 0;
}
private boolean isWriter(Thread callingThread){
return writingThread == callingThread;
}
}
读锁升级到写锁
public class ReadWriteLock{
private Map<Thread, Integer> readingThreads =
new HashMap<Thread, Integer>();
private int writeAccesses = 0;
private int writeRequests = 0;
private Thread writingThread = null;
public synchronized void lockWrite()
throws InterruptedException{
writeRequests++;
Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
while(!canGrantWriteAccess(callingThread)){
wait();
}
writeRequests--;
writeAccesses++;
writingThread = callingThread;
}
public synchronized void unlockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
writeAccesses--;
if(writeAccesses == 0){
writingThread = null;
}
notifyAll();
}
private boolean canGrantWriteAccess(Thread callingThread){
if(isOnlyReader(callingThread)) return true;
if(hasReaders()) return false;
if(writingThread == null) return true;
if(!isWriter(callingThread)) return false;
return true;
}
private boolean hasReaders(){
return readingThreads.size() > 0;
}
private boolean isWriter(Thread callingThread){
return writingThread == callingThread;
}
private boolean isOnlyReader(Thread thread){
return readers == 1 && readingThreads.get(callingThread) != null;
}
}
写锁降级到读锁
public class ReadWriteLock{
private boolean canGrantReadAccess(Thread callingThread){
if(isWriter(callingThread)) return true;
if(writingThread != null) return false;
if(isReader(callingThread) return true;
if(writeRequests > 0) return false;
return true;
}
}
可重入的ReadWriteLock的完整实现
public class ReadWriteLock{
private Map<Thread, Integer> readingThreads =
new HashMap<Thread, Integer>();
private int writeAccesses = 0;
private int writeRequests = 0;
private Thread writingThread = null;
public synchronized void lockRead()
throws InterruptedException{
Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
while(! canGrantReadAccess(callingThread)){
wait();
}
readingThreads.put(callingThread,
(getReadAccessCount(callingThread) + 1));
}
private boolean canGrantReadAccess(Thread callingThread){
if(isWriter(callingThread)) return true;
if(hasWriter()) return false;
if(isReader(callingThread)) return true;
if(hasWriteRequests()) return false;
return true;
}
public synchronized void unlockRead(){
Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
if(!isReader(callingThread)){
throw new IllegalMonitorStateException(
"Calling Thread does not" +
" hold a read lock on this ReadWriteLock");
}
int accessCount = getReadAccessCount(callingThread);
if(accessCount == 1){
readingThreads.remove(callingThread);
} else {
readingThreads.put(callingThread, (accessCount -1));
}
notifyAll();
}
public synchronized void lockWrite()
throws InterruptedException{
writeRequests++;
Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
while(!canGrantWriteAccess(callingThread)){
wait();
}
writeRequests--;
writeAccesses++;
writingThread = callingThread;
}
public synchronized void unlockWrite()
throws InterruptedException{
if(!isWriter(Thread.currentThread()){
throw new IllegalMonitorStateException(
"Calling Thread does not" +
" hold the write lock on this ReadWriteLock");
}
writeAccesses--;
if(writeAccesses == 0){
writingThread = null;
}
notifyAll();
}
private boolean canGrantWriteAccess(Thread callingThread){
if(isOnlyReader(callingThread)) return true;
if(hasReaders()) return false;
if(writingThread == null) return true;
if(!isWriter(callingThread)) return false;
return true;
}
private int getReadAccessCount(Thread callingThread){
Integer accessCount = readingThreads.get(callingThread);
if(accessCount == null) return 0;
return accessCount.intValue();
}
private boolean hasReaders(){
return readingThreads.size() > 0;
}
private boolean isReader(Thread callingThread){
return readingThreads.get(callingThread) != null;
}
private boolean isOnlyReader(Thread callingThread){
return readingThreads.size() == 1 &&
readingThreads.get(callingThread) != null;
}
private boolean hasWriter(){
return writingThread != null;
}
private boolean isWriter(Thread callingThread){
return writingThread == callingThread;
}
private boolean hasWriteRequests(){
return this.writeRequests > 0;
}
}
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